Fish Microbiome Modulation and Convenient Storage of Aquafeeds When Supplemented with Vitamin K1
Acosta, Marcos; Quiroz, Eduardo; Tovar-Ramirez, Dariel; Roberto, Vania; Dias, Jorge; Gavaia, Paulo J; Fernández, I. (Ignacio)
Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for fish metabolism and health. VK stability as dietary component during aquafeed storage and its potential effect on intestinal microbiome in
fish have not yet been completely elucidated. The convenient storage conditions of aquafeeds when
supplemented with phylloquinone (VK1), as well as its potential effects on the gut microbiota of
Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles, have been explored. Experimental feeds were formulated
to contain 0, 250 and 1250 mg kg−1 of VK1 and were stored at different temperatures (4, −20 or−80 ◦C). VK stability was superior at −20 ◦C for short-term (7 days) storage, while storing at −80 ◦C
was best suited for long-term storage (up to 3 months). A comparison of bacterial communities from
Senegalese sole fed diets containing 0 or 1250 mg kg−1 of VK1 showed that VK1 supplementation
decreased the abundance of the Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas, and Rhodobacterace families. All these microorganisms were previously associated with poor health status in aquatic organisms. These results
contribute not only to a greater understanding of the physiological effects of vitamin K, particularly
through fish intestinal microbiome, but also establish practical guidelines in the industry for proper
aquafeed storage when supplemented with VK1.
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